Essays
These are full-blown essays, papers, and articles.
Presentations
Slideshows and presentation materials from conferences.
Interviews and Panels
Reprints of non-game-specific interviews, and transcripts of panels and roundtables.
Snippets
Excerpts from blog, newsgroup, and forum posts.
Laws
The "Laws of Online World Design" in various forms.
Timeline
A timeline of developments in online worlds.
A Theory of Fun for Game Design
My book on why games matter and what fun is.
Insubstantial Pageants
A book I started and never finished outlining the basics of online world design.
Links
Links to resources on online world design.
All contents of this site are
© Copyright 1998-2010
Raphael Koster.
All rights reserved.
The views expressed here are my own, and not necessarily endorsed by any former or current employer.
That altar boy is Aaron Stampler (Edward Norton), a shy, stuttering teen from Kentucky who claims to have no memory of the killing. The prosecution, led by Vail’s former lover, Janet Venable (Laura Linney), sees an open-and-shut case. The evidence is damning: fingerprints, motive, and the defendant fleeing the scene.
The final scene between Gere and Norton is a duel of acting giants. Gere’s face, as the realization dawns that he has been conned, is a study in horror. He doesn't scream or shout. He just watches as the monster walks away, realizing that his vanity released a killer onto the streets. It is a haunting, morally gray ending that few Hollywood films dared to attempt in the era of happy endings. Gregory Hoblit (who would later direct Frequency and Fracture ) directs Primal Fear -1996- with a documentary-like grit. The Chicago winter is a character in itself—gray, cold, and oppressive. The courthouse hallways are dimly lit; the prison scenes are claustrophobic. Hoblit strips away the glamour of courtroom dramas like A Few Good Men . Here, justice is transactional. Primal Fear -1996-
What makes the narrative of so compelling is its cynical view of the legal system. Vail doesn't care if Aaron is guilty or innocent; he cares about winning the trial to embarrass the prosecutor's office. The film paints Chicago as a corrupt labyrinth where the Church covers up corruption, the police are sloppy, and the lawyers are modern-day gladiators performing for public opinion. Edward Norton: The Arrival of a Prodigy It is impossible to write about Primal Fear -1996- without dedicating several paragraphs to Edward Norton. In 1996, Norton was an unknown stage actor working as a script reader. He begged director Gregory Hoblit for the role of Aaron Stampler. The studio wanted Leonardo DiCaprio, but Hoblit saw something terrifying in Norton. That altar boy is Aaron Stampler (Edward Norton),
Gere’s Martin Vail is a shark. He is slick, vain, and morally ambiguous. We are not sure if we like him until the final shot of the film. Gere plays the role with a razor-sharp wit, delivering lines like, "I’m a defense attorney. It’s my job to put the system on trial." As the plot unfolds, Vail discovers that his seemingly brilliant strategy of exploiting Aaron’s "multiple personality disorder" might have backfired catastrophically. The final scene between Gere and Norton is
